What is the Java Runtime Environment (JRE)?

The JRE is one of three interrelated components for developing and running Java programs. The other two components are as follows:

• The Java Development Kit, or JDK, is a set of tools for developing Java applications. Developers choose JDKs by Java version and by package or edition—Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE), Java Special Edition (Java SE) or Java Mobile Edition (Java ME). Every JDK always includes a compatible JRE because running a Java program is part of the process of developing a Java program.
  
  
• The Java Virtual Machine, or JVM, runs live Java applications. Every JRE includes a default JRE, but developers can choose another that meets the specific resource needs of their applications.

The JRE combines Java code created by using the JDK with the necessary libraries required to run it on a JVM and then creates an instance of the JVM that runs the resulting program. JVMs are available for multiple operating systems, and programs created with the JRE run on all of them. In this way, the Java Runtime Environment is what enables a Java program to run in any operating system without modification.

You can download the JDK, including a compatible JRE, from Oracle.

The JDK and JRE interact with one another to create a sustainable runtime environment that enables the seamless execution of Java-based applications in virtually any operating system. These attributes make up the JRE runtime architecture:

The Java ClassLoader dynamically loads all classes necessary to run a Java program. Since Java classes are only loaded into memory when they're required, the JRE uses ClassLoaders to automate this process on demand.

The bytecode verifier ensures the format and accuracy of Java code before it passes to the interpreter. If code violates system integrity or access rights, the class will be considered corrupted and won't be loaded.

After the bytecode successfully loads, the Java interpreter creates an instance of the JVM that allows the Java program to be run natively on the underlying machine.

Besides the Java virtual machine, JRE is composed of various other supporting software tools and features to get the most out of your Java applications.

Included as part of the JRE installation are deployment technologies like Java Web Start and Java plug-in that simplify the activation of applications and provide advanced support for future Java updates.

The JRE also contains toolkits designed to help developers improve their user interface. Some of these toolkits include:

• Java 2D: An Application Programming Interface (API) that is used for drawing two-dimensional graphics in the Java language. Developers can create rich user interfaces, special effects, games and animations.
  
  
• Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT): A GUI (Graphical User Interface) that is used for creating objects, buttons, scroll bars and windows.
  
  
• Swing: Another lightweight GUI that uses a rich set of widgets for offering flexible customizations.

Java Runtime Environment provides several integration libraries to assist developers in creating seamless data connections between their applications and services. Some of these libraries include:

• Java IDL (CORBA): Uses Common Object Request Architecture to support distributed objects written in Java programming language.
  
  
• Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API: Provides tools for developers to write applications with access to remote relationship databases, flat files and spreadsheets.
  
  
• Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI): A programming interface and directory service that helps clients create portable applications that can fetch information from databases by using naming conventions.

Included with the JRE are java.lang. and java.util. packages that are fundamental for the design of Java applications, package versioning, management and monitoring. Some of these packages include:

• Collections Framework: A unified architecture that is made up of a collection of interfaces designed to improve the storage and process of application data.
  
  
• Concurrency Utilities: A powerful framework package with high-performance threading utilities.
  
  
• Preferences API: A lightweight, cross-platform persistent API that enables multiple users on the same computer to define their own group of application preferences.
  
  
• Logging: A package that produces log reports—such as security failures, configuration errors and performance issues—for further analysis.
  
  
• Java Archive (JAR): A platform-independent file format that enables multiple files to be bundled in JAR format, significantly improving download speed and reducing file size.